swimming style

    * Breaststroke 蛙泳
    * Backstroke 仰泳
    * Butterfly 蝶泳
    * front crawl 自由泳
Recreational Styles

There are a large number of different recreational swimming styles. Some of them are swum on the breast, some on the back, and some on the side. Of course, all the competition strokes can be swum recreationally.
On the Breast

    * Front Crawl is the fastest swimming style.
          o Trudgen (also known as Trudgeon): The trudgen is similar to the front crawl, except it is swum with a scissor kick
          o Trudgen Crawl: Similar to the trudgen, but with a flutter kick between the scissor kicks
          o Double Trudgen: Similar to the trudgen, but the sides of the scissor kick alternate
          o Double Trudgen Crawl: Similar to the double trudgen, but with a flutter kick between the scissor kicks
          o Dolphin Crawl: Similar to front crawl, but with a dolphin kick. One kick per arm or two kicks per cycle. This style is often used in training.
          o Catch up stroke: A variation of the front crawl where one arm always rests at the front while the other arm performs one cycle.
    * Breaststroke
    * Heads-Up Breaststroke: Similar to the breaststroke, but the head stays out of the water. This style is very popular for recreational and swimmers and also for rescue swimmers approaching a victim.
    * Butterfly
    * Slow Butterfly (also known as Moth stroke): Similar to butterfly, but with an extended gliding phase, Breathing during the pull/push phase, return head into water during recovery. This style uses four kicks or more per cycle.
    * Dog Paddle: face over water and paddling alternatingly with the hands.
    * Human Stroke: Similar to the dog paddle, but the arms reach out more and pull farther down.
    * Survival Travel Stroke: Alternating underwater arm stroke, one cycle for propulsion, one for lift to stay on the surface. This style is slow but sustainable.
    * Snorkeling: Swimming on the breast using a snorkel, usually in combination with masks and fins. Any stroke on the breast can be used, and there is no need to lift or turn the head for breathing.

On the Back

    * Backstroke (also known as Back Crawl)
    * Elementary Backstroke: Both arms move synchronized with a small synchronized kick. This is also sometimes known as the Lifesaving Kick
    * Inverted Breaststroke: Similar to Elementary Backstroke, but with a breaststroke kick.
    * Inverted Butterfly: Similar to Elementary backstroke, but with a dolphin kick. This is often used for training.
    * Back Double Trudgen: Similar to the Backstroke, but with a scissor kick to alternating sides.
    * Flutter Back Finning: Symmetrically underwater arm recovery with flutter kick.
    * Feet First Swimming: A very slow stroke on the back where a breaststroke movement with the arms propels the body forward feet first. This is often used for training.

On the Side

    * Side Stroke: Lying on the side with alternating underwater recovery and a scissor kick
    * Overarm Sidestroke: Similar to the side stroke, but with a over water recovery of the top arm

Other

    * Corkscrew Swimming: Alternating between Front crawl and backstroke every arm. This leads to a constant rotation of the swimmer. The stroke is used mainly for training purposes
    * Underwater Swimming: any style with underwater recovery can be swum under water for certain distances depending on the need for air. Underwater swimming on the back has the additional possibility of water entering the nose. The swimmer can breathe out through the nose or wear a nose clip. Some swimmers can close their nostrils with the upper lip.
    * Gliding: The swimmer is stretched with the arms to the front, the head between the arms and the feet to the back. This streamlined shape minimizes resistance and allows the swimmer to glide, for example after a start, a push off from a wall, or to rest between strokes.
    * Turtle stroke: on the breast, extend right arm then pull, after pushing with the left leg (while opposite limbs are recovering), then opposite limbs repeat this process, i.e. left arm pulls after right leg pushes. Uses muscles of the waist. Head can easily be above or below water: this is a slow but very sustainable stroke, popular with turtles and newts.
from: http://www.wordiq.com/definition/List_of_swimming_styles

电影俚语

A
A Feather in sb.’s Cap 令某人引以为傲的成就、功绩或荣誉
A Fly in the Ointment 令人扫兴的人或事
A Horse of a Different Color 完全是另一回事，风马牛不相及
A Little Bird Told Me…有（知情）人私下告诉我了
A Mount / Hill of Beans 微不足道，无足轻重
A Piece of Cake 小菜一碟，小事一桩，非常容易，很简单
A Price on sb.’s Head 缉拿或杀死某人的悬赏金
A Shot in the Dark （没有根据的）乱猜或瞎蒙
Achilles’ Heel 性格上的致命弱点或缺陷
Add Insult to Injury 加倍伤害，落井下石
An Eye for an Eye 以牙还牙，以眼还眼
Apple of sb.’s Eye 某人的掌上明珠
Apple-pie Order 有条不紊，井然有序，井井有条
At Loggerheads (with sb.) （和某人）不和，（和某人）势不两立
At the Drop of a Hat 立刻，马上；毫不迟疑，刻不容缓
At the End of One’s Ropes 束手无策，筋疲力尽，忍无可忍

B
Back to Square One 回到起点，从头再来
Bark up the Wrong Tree 找错目标，错怪了人，白费精力
Basket Case 废物，疯狂的人
Be All Ears 洗耳恭听
Be All Thumbs 笨手笨脚，不能胜任
Beat around / about the Bush 拐弯抹角（浪费时间），旁敲侧击
Behind the Eight-ball 受到挫折，不顺心
Below the Belt 暗箭伤人
Beyond the Pale 出格，越轨
Bite the Bullet 咬紧牙关应对，硬着头皮应付
Black Sheep 害群之马，败类
Blow off Steam 发泄，释放压力
Blow One’s Cover 暴露身份，揭穿秘密（使无法隐瞒）
Blow the Whistle 揭发，告发，检举
Born with a Silver Spoon in One’s Mouth 出身富贵，生于富贵人家
Break a Leg 祝你好运
Bury / Hide One’s Head in the Sand 躲避问题的态度，采取驼鸟政策
Bury the Hatchet / Tomahawk 休战，讲和，摈弃前嫌
By Jove! 天啊！老天爷啊！

C
Call a Spade a Spade 实事求是地说
Call sb. Names 辱骂某人，诋毁某人
Call the Shots 发号施令，掌控全局
Carry a Torch for sb. 暗恋某人
Cast Pearls before Swine 明珠暗投，对牛弹琴
Close Shave 十分惊险
Close, but No Cigar 差一点，几乎就要猜对了
Compare Apples and Oranges 把风马牛不相及的两个人或两种事物作比较
Cook sb.’s Goose 毁掉某人成功的机会
Crocodile Tears 假哭，假慈悲
Cross One’s Heart 我发誓，我说的是实话
Cry over Spilt / Spilled Milk 浪费时间做无能为力、于事无补的事情
Curiosity Killed the Cat 好奇害死猫
Cut Corners 减少费用，节省时间
Cut No Ice 不起作用，不能让人相信
Cut sb. Some Slack 放某人一马
Cut the Crap 废话少说
Cut to the Chase 别再浪费时间，切入正题，干正事

D
Down in the Mouth(英) / down in the Dumps(美) 郁郁不乐，垂头丧气，心情不好
Drown One’s Sorrows / Troubles 借酒消愁

E
Easy Come, Easy Go. 来得容易，去得快
Eat Crow 被迫认错，道歉

F
Face the Music 接受批评，承担后果
Faster than You Can Say Jack Robinson 一眨眼的工夫
Fifth Wheel 不受欢迎的人，多余的人
Fish in a Barrel 瓮中鳖
Fish to Fry 重要的事情
Fly by the Seat of One’s Pants 凭自己的感觉做事，摸着石头过河
Fly off the Handle 勃然大怒
Fly on the Wall 暗中观察或监视别人的人
For the Birds 荒唐可笑的，毫无价值的，无意义的，不重要的
Forty Winks 小睡，打盹

G
Get Hitched 结婚
Get off on the Wrong Foot 一开始就没把事情做对
Get / Put sb. Back up 惹恼某人，惹怒某人
Get sb.’s Nose to the Grindstone 努力干活，毫不停歇
Get sth. up (in) One’s Sleeve 留有一手，有锦囊妙计
Get the Blues 情绪低落，郁郁寡欢
Get Wind of sth. 听到……的风声
Give It a Shot 试试吧，来吧
Give Me Five! 来击个掌吧！
Give sb. a Knuckle Sandwich 用拳头打某人，给某人拳头吃
Give sb. the Bird 给某人喝倒彩，存心奚落某人
Give sb. the Boot 开除某人，解雇某人
Give sb. the Cold Shoulder 对某人冷淡，冷眼相待
Give sb. the Green Light 给某人开绿灯
Go / Walk down the Aisle 走上红地毯，结婚
Goody Two-shoes 老好人，伪善家
Gravy Train 肥差
Green-eyed Monster 妒忌
Grow Eyes in / at the Back of One’s Head 多长只眼睛，警觉

H
Half the Battle 成功的一半，至关重要
Have a Bee in One’s Bonnet 胡思乱想
Have a Crush on sb. 暗恋某人，迷恋某人
Have Butterflies in One’s Stomach 很紧张，（心里）七上八下的
Have / Get Deep Pockets 有很多钱，腰包鼓鼓的
Have sb. over a Barrel 使某人处于掌控之中
Head Honcho 管理人，负责人，老板，头儿
High Horse 傲慢，趾高气扬的架势
Hold Your Horses 不要操之过急，等一下，别着急
Hot Cakes 卖得非常快，十分畅销

I
If I Had a Nickel for Every Time 比喻好多次
In the Driver’s / Driving Seat 处于主导地位，担任负责人，控制局势，左右/掌控一切
In the Pink 身体健康，气色好
It Goes in One Ear and out the Other. 左耳朵进，右耳朵出
It’s Always Greener on the Other Side. 这山望着那山高，别处的草儿更绿，得陇望蜀

J
Jack of All Trades 多面手，博而不精的人

K
Keep One’s Nose out of 别管闲事，不要干涉别人的事
Keep Your Shirt on 请镇定，稍安勿躁
Kick Butt / Ass 很厉害，很棒

L
Let Sleeping Dogs Lie 别惹麻烦，别多事，别惹是非
Let the Cat out of the Bag 泄露秘密，露出马脚，说漏嘴
(Like a Bolt) out of / from the Blue 突如其来，从天而降，出其不意
Like a Duck to Water 如鱼得水
Look What the Cat Coughed up / Dragged in 瞧瞧什么人来了

M
Make Ends Meet 勉强度日，勉强糊口
Make Waves 有所作为，出人头地；兴风作浪
Million Dollar Question 很难回答的问题
Miss the Boat 错失良机，无法了解
Monkey Business 不正经的事情，不规矩的事情

N
Name Is Mud 名誉扫地，声名狼藉
Nip in the Bud 把……扼杀于萌芽状态，防患于未然
No Shit 别废话，别扯淡；不带扯的，真的
No Skin off One’s Nose 跟本人毫不相干，本人不在乎
Nosy Parker 好事者，爱管闲事的人
Not a Bed of Roses 不轻松安逸，不尽如人意
Not Know sb. from Adam 根本就不认识某人，压跟儿就不认识某人

O
Off the Sauce 戒酒
On a Silver Platter 轻易地，不费劲地
On One’s Toes 保持警觉，随时准备行动
On the Rebound （感情）处于疗伤期
On the Wagon 戒酒
Once in a Blue Moon 破天荒，极其罕见，千载难逢
One Foot in the Grave 行将就木，处于危险之中
Open a Can of Worms 自找烦恼
Out of the Woods 走出困境，摆脱危险

P
Pandora’s Box 灾祸的根源或源头
Pass the Hat 捐款，筹钱
Peaches and Cream 完美无缺的，美好的
Pick sb.’s Brain 向某人询问消息，征求意见，向某人取经
Pipe Dream 白日梦，幻想，空想
Play Ball 合作，互相帮忙
Play sth. by Ear 随机应变，见机行事
Prince Charming 白马王子
Prodigal Son 回头的浪子，改邪归正的人
Pull the Wool over sb.’s Eyes 故意欺骗某人，蒙骗某人
Puppy Love / Calf Love （青涩年代的）初恋
Put All (One’s) Eggs in One Basket 孤注一掷
Put One’s Foot in One’s Mouth 不小心说错话，不会说话
Put One’s Money Where One’s Mouth Is 拿钱来证实，用行动来证明
Put / Get the Cart before the Horse 本末倒置，主次不分，颠倒次序

R
Reap the Whirlwind 遭到恶报，得到报应
Red Carpet 隆重接待
Red Herring 转移别人注意力的东西，障眼法
Red-letter Day 值得纪念的日子
Ring a Bell 提醒，想起来
Rock the Boat 兴风作浪，破坏现状，惹事生非

S
Salad Days少不更事的青涩时代，年轻缺乏经验时期，最佳时期，全盛时期
Saved by the Bell 如释重负，终于解脱了
Sb.’s Eyes Are Bigger than His Stomach / Belly 眼睛大，肚子小；眼高手低
Second Thought 再三考虑，认真思索
Sell One’s Soul 出卖自己的灵魂
Shake a Leg 快点，赶紧
Shoot from the Hip （行事或者说话）鲁莽，直来直去，冲动
Shoot the Breeze 瞎聊
Shotgun Wedding 奉子成婚
Show sb. the Ropes 告诉某人诀窍，告知某人内情
Speak of the Devil 说曹操，曹操到
Spill the Beans 泄漏秘密，泄密
Split Hairs 斤斤计较，吹毛求疵，钻牛角尖
Stand sb. up 放某人鸽子，爽约
Steal sb.’s Thunder 抢某人的风头，抢某人的功劳
Step on sb.’s Toes 得罪某人，触犯某人，侵犯某人的领地或职权
Strong Suit 长处，特长
Swan Song 最后的事物，临终遗言，最后的作品

T
Take a Rain Check 下次吧，改天吧，以后吧
Take French Leave 不辞而别，擅自缺席
Take over the Reins 主持大局，掌握支配权
Take the Bull by the Horns 不畏艰险，勇敢面对困难
Take the Cake 得头奖，得第一名（最佳或最差）
Take the Rap （替别人）背黑锅，（因某事）无辜受罚
Talk sb.’s Ear off 喋喋不休，唠叨，费尽口舌
That’s the Way the Cookie Crumbles. 这就是命，人生就是这样，这是无法改变的事实
The Call of Nature 想小便
The Cat Gets sb.’s Tongue 不吭声，不说话
The Salt of the Earth 诚实、善良的普通人
Think on sb.’s Feet （头脑）反应快，不用想也知道
Third Degree 拷问，逼问，逼供
Three Sheets in / to the Wind 酩酊大醉
Throw / Cast / Fling Caution to the Winds 不顾一切冒险行事
Throw in the Sponge / Towel 认输
Tie the Knot 结婚，主持婚礼
Tilt at Windmills 浪费时间和精力与假想中的敌人搏斗
Touch Wood 但愿好运常在
Turn in One’s Grave 死不暝目

U
Under the Gun 承受很大的压力
Use Your Head 你用用脑子；你动动脑子，好好想一想

W
Walls Have Ears 隔墙有耳（，小心被人听见了）
Wash One’s Hands of 一刀两断，撒手不管，抛开
Wet One’s Whistle 喝酒
White Hope 被支持者们寄予希望能获得巨大成功的人
White Lie 善意的谎言，无伤大雅的谎言
Word of Mouth 口耳相传
Worth sb.’s Salt 称职的，胜任工作的

Y
You Haven’t Even Gotten Your Feet Wet. 你（要做某件事情，）却根本就没有开始呢

英语学术论文常用句型[zz]

    Beginning
    1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
    2. This paper proceeds as follow.
    3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
    4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
    5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

    Introduction
    1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
    2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
    3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

    Review
    1. This review is followed by an introduction.
    2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
    3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
    4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
    5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
    6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

    Body
    1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
    2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
    3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
    4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
    5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
    6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
    7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
    8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
    9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
    10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
    11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
    12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
    13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
    14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
    15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
    16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
    17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
    18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
    19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
    20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
    21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
    22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
    23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
    24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
    25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
    26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
    27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...

This Section
    1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
    2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
    2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
    3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
    4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
    5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
    6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

    Summary
    1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
    2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
    3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
    4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
    5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
    6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
    7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

    Chapter 0. Abstract
    1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
    2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
    3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
    4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
    5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
    6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
    7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
    8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
    9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
    10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
    11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
    12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
    13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
    14. This paper analyses problems in
    15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
    16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
    17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
    18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
    19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
    20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
    21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
    22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
    23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

    Chapter 1. Introduction
    Time
    1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
    2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
    3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
    4. The development of ... is explored
    5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
    6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
    7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
    8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
    9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
    10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
    11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
    12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
    13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.

    Objective / Goal / Purpose
    1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
    2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
    3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
    4. The scope of this research lies in
    5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
    6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
    7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
    8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
    9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
    10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
    11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
    12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
    13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
    14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
    15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
    16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
    17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
    18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
    19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
    20. This illustration points out the need to specify
    21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
    22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
    23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
    24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
    25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
    26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
    27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
    28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
    methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
    29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
    30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
    31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
    32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
    33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
    34. The central issue in all these studies is to
    35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
    36. Applied ... techniques to
    37. Characterized the ... system as
    38. Developed an algorithm to
    39. Developed a system called ... which
    40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
    41. Emphasized the need to
    42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
    43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
    44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
    45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
    Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
    46. Point out that the problem of
    47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
    48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
    49. The approach taken by [] is
    50. The system developed by [] consists
    51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
    52. []'s model requires consideration of...
    53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
    54. []'s model focuses on...
    55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
    56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
    57. This study further shows that
    58. Their work is based on the principle of
    59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
    60. Studies have been completed to established
    61. The ...studies indicated that
    62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
    Problem / Issue / Question
    63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
    64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
    67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
    68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
    69. An unanswered question
    70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
    71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
    72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
    73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
    74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
    75. There have been many attempts to
    76. It is expected to be serious barrier to
    77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

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